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THE BIRTWHISTLES OF CRAVEN AND GALLOWAY

Tony Stephens

Table of Contents

Introduction………………………………………………………………………	3
The evolution of farming in Craven …………………………………………….	3
John Birtwhistle (1714-1787): Early development of the business……………...	7
John Birtwhistle (1714-1787): Later years and business interests in Galloway…	10
The second generation and the move to Galloway………………………………	13
John Vardill (1752-1811): Royal spy and Regius Professor of Divinity………..	18
Anna Jane Vardill: Birtwhistle heiress and Regency Poet………………………	33
European Magazine and the Attic Chest……………………………….	37
Birtwhistle vs Vardill: a celebrated inheritance dispute (1823-1841)…..	44
Marriage and return to Galloway……………………………………….	47
Woolwich, Reading (1830-1852)……………………………………….	49
Carleton in Craven: the final chapter……………………………………	53
Concluding remarks……………………………………………………..	56
General background and sources……………………………………….	57
Acknowledgements…………………………………………………….	58
Appendices : Selected writing of Anna Jane Vardill……………………………	58
Appendix 1: The Rights of Women 1809……………………………………….	59
Appendix 2: A Fairy’s Story 1815………………………………………………	61
Appendix 3: Lady Ann of Pembroke in 1819………………………………….	63
Appendix 4: St Valentine’s Eve, or the Fireside Fairies, 1820………………….	68
Appendix 5: Letter in the Flaxman collection 1838 ……………………………	69

Front cover

Gatehouse in 1852 by Robert Kelly

Modern Highland cattle above Malham Cove

© Tony Stephens 2012

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